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Created for the the dissemination of knowledge of the Jewish of the law among the of religious of young people, the Fund of culture "Degel Yerushalaim the" seven years old ago, the on the eve of the previous Saturday's of the year (1986/87), adopted the decision - to with the consent and the approval of the greatest authorities of our generation - to publish a book, in the which the in a concise and an affordable for of all the the form of were would have are set out the laws of a Shmita. Such a book, understandable disciples, of the Jewish schools and religious adolescents, should help the the dissemination of knowledge of the laws a Shmita in all layers of of the Jewish of the people. S B-zhey help we managed to to release a book "The laws of a Shmita", composed by Rabbi Moshe Meir Ayzlerom and rabbi in by Yosef Haephrati. The laws of, resulted in the book, rely against rulings of rabbi's the Chazon-Ish and of other's greatest catechists. In the whole, the book was with the enthusiastically accepted by all the, who studies the the Jewish law. Over time, she became the basic textbook of in all the religious educational institutions of and binding on the handbook at studying of of the laws a Shmita in many Jewish homes of as a in Israel, the the so-and beyond its outside of the. Many specialists according to the Jewish to the law, lyudiuchenye and educated, have found, that this book is in many respects is useful and him.
Schmit - the seventh year of, and all the the 7th perfect: the The righteous Hanoch was born on in the seventh generation starting with the of Adam, of the first man (Adam, Sheth, Enosh, Keinan, Maalalel, Heredia, Hanoch); about him is said: "And he walked in Hoax with the the L-rd ... " (Bereshit 5).
The Prophet Moshe was born on in the seventh generation starting with the of Abraham, the of our of the forefather (Abraham, Yitzhak, Yaakov, Leia, Keat,, Amram, and Moshe): "Moshe went up unto B-gu" (Shemot 19).
Among the days of the week the most is lovely - Thursday: "And the blessed the B-g the seventh day" (Bereshit 2).
Among the seven years old seven year cycle the last one - Schmitt: "And in the seventh year forbid her a break" (Shmot 23).
Among the sabbaths of years: the "And the ye shall hallow the the fiftieth year of" (the year of jubilee follows the the seventh a Shmita) (Vayikra 25).
(Midrash Slave of)
THREE VALUES THE COMMANDMENTS Subbotno OF THE YEAR
The Most High - The Lord of the of the world
The commandment of Saturday's of the year is designed to teach us (the and to remind the) that "the Six days of wrought The L-rd sky and earth, the but in the seventh was resting" (ie the nothing did not create). Therefore, on the we're entrusted with duty of count down the six working years old and have a rest in the seventh year, like the Just as the we reckon six of working days and we rest in the seventh - in the Sabbath. Moreover the Most High have commanded us not only to not to process the land, but and to refuse from the of all the fruit who have grown up in the this year, the - in order to we did not forget, that the land of gives the the fruits of do not itself is on its own, that the on her, and over those who by it possess, there is The Lord of the , at will of Whom people refuse to from the rights of possession on the ground.
(Chinuch 84)
Assistance conditional to the poor
The commandment of Saturday's of the year instills a to people kind qualities, in the particular - the teaches the of generosity, because that to truly is generous only the one who gives the unselfishly, not hoping get anything in return. The Creator wishes to, so that His creations were merciful (and merciful), for this is one thing of the most of lovely of qualities. While paying tribute the benefit of others, a person becomes worthy of get a the good of in the award; as it is told: "Blago and the blessing of are given by a worthy, and not vice versa ..." Of course, the Most High can and Himself to send a to the poor everything necessary, but He, because of His the great mercy of, gives the us an opportunity to to become His the envoys of, order to counted worthy of awards out of the His of hands.
(Chinuch 66 and 84)
Confidence in the Supreme
And the one more favor of the brings a the commandment of Saturday's of the year to those who her observe the: a person is strengthened in the certainty, that the Most High will support the his. For every one that who refuses to from the of their harvest, from the of all the fruit, which are land thereof of ancestors gives the from year a year, escape out the abominable, of qualities of character, and all the days of his life will be a sure in the mercy of of the Most High, - and he, and the whole by his family. (Chinuch 84)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Part 1. The works Saturday's of the year
Chap 1 Sabbatical Year
Chapt.2's Eve Saturday's of the year
Gl.Z The works, prohibited by in the sabbath year. Introduction
Ch.4 Interdictions of the Torah. General rules
Ch.5 Interdictions of sages. General rules
Chap 6 Sev
Ch.7 Ploughing,
Chapter 8 Trimming of trees
Ch.9 Gathering of harvest
Chap.10 Irrigation of
Chapter 11 Care behind the decorative by gardens
Chapter 12 Plants in the pots. Indoor plants
Part 2. Harvest of Saturday's of the year chapter 13 The fruits of of the seventh of the year and the associated with them the commandments of
Chapter 14 The refusal from the ownership of crop of of the seventh of the year
Gl.15 Samosevki ("sfihin")
Gl.16 The use of of the fruit. The ban to destroy they
Gl.17 Trade in the products of harvest of the seventh of the year
Chapter 18 Buying fruit and of vegetables of the seventh of the year
Chapter 19 Flowers of of the seventh of the year
Gl.20 The property beit-din's
Ch.21 The commandment of "Biur"
Gl.22 Protected and the processed a field
Gl.23 'Tithes Saturday's of the year
Gl.24 The intruder of the laws of the seventh of the year
Gl.25 After Saturday's of the year
Gl.26 "Four a kind" in the sabbath year of
Gl.27 The laws of Saturday's of the year for residing abroad
Part 3. Cancel of debts
Gl.28 Cancel of debts
Gl.29 The laws of of debt cancellation
Gl.30 "Prozbol"
Gl.31 The laws of "prozbola"
Afterword of Rav of Yitzhak Zilber's
The application. Tables of dates: the
"Holiness to the a Shmita" and the "Sfihin"
FOREWORD The
Termination of of processing of land
"Six years thou shalt sow the land of, and shall gather off her harvest, in the the seventh year of forbid her a vacation, leave her. And they will be to feed on-nots thy of the people, as well then the, what will remain, let the will eat the beasts of the field. So same footfall with his a vineyard and with the its extra virgin olive garden, Harmanli ". (Shemot 23, 10-11)
"Therefore turn to the unto the children of of Israel, and say unto to them: When the will enter into the country, which I give you, let the is resting Plot On a Saturday (a year for the sake of) L-rd shall. Six years of thou shalt sow man his field, and six years UNDERCUT his vineyard, and shall gather harvest. And in the the seventh year of will be recreation ground, rest, dedicated to the the L-rd, - his own the field is not thou shalt sow, its own vineyard will not UNDERCUT. The fact that the itself will grow on thine a field, do not zhni, of grapes do not gather in, - year of rest will be the ground. And it will be (the fact that has grown in year of) rest on the earth - into the food to you, as well as the to thy the bondwoman and thy slave girl, and to thy the hired to the employee, and to the stranger. of Thy the cattle and to the beasts thy of the country yes shall be the whole harvest of into the food ". (Vaik-ra 25, 2-7)
Cancel of debts
"And in the end of the seven years old thou shalt make abolition of the (-system debts). Here that such abolition: just in the lender, who gave the in a duty one with his neighbor, yes will not be to demand of debt with the of his neighbor, with the of his brother; for proclaimed on cancellation of debts for the sake of L-rd shall. With the foreigner can you to levy, but from the addition, the what is owed thee with the your brother's, take away Hands. " (Dvarim 15, 1-3)
The commandment of Saturday's of the year represents a two requirements: the cessation of processing of land and the abolition of of debts.
To cultivate the land in the seventh year is forbidden by the Torah only the in the Country of of Israel, whereas the the commandment of of debt cancellation must be carried out by Jews not only in the Holy the Earth, but and in other countries.
Since what year Jews are have started to execute the commandments of
Saturday's guoli
When the Jews for the first time have entered to the Country of of Israel, they do not at once have started to count down the seven-year period "a Shmita" ("Schmitt" in Hebrew - the seventh, the the sabbath year of), but only later the 14 years - after the addition as a they conquered the the entire country and divided the her among the tribes of. Thus only by later the 21 years after the entrance into the Earth of Israel was declared the the first to the sabbath year.
As consider seven-year period
After the first Saturday's of the year Jews are counted out six years of age and the next year, the seventh, have announced a Saturday. Of such of seven-year cycles was to ye shall count exactly seven. After the seventh a Shmita came the the year of jubilee ("anniversary", in Hebrew "Yovel") - in the accordance with what was said in the book of Vayikra (25, 8): The "ye shall count to himself seven sabbaths of years - seven times seven years of age. And the will amount to thee seven sabbaths of years old - 49 years of ". Then it is said: "And the ye shall hallow the the fiftieth year of ... He's will be to you a jubilee ... Fiftieth year will be a jubilee for you ..."
The anniversary year of in our time
According to the law of the Torah the year of jubilee respected, a when all the Jews live in the Earth of Israel; as it is told (Vayikra 25, 10): "And, declare a the freedom of in the the country for all her inhabitants". Of the of this verse
our of the blessed the memory the sages are taught to, that the the year of jubilee is celebrated only in the fact the case of, when all the the tribe of are located in the Country of. Therefore, when the has begun the expulsion of (counting from the the moment of the expulsion of trans-Jordanic tribes of of Reuven, Gad, and the other half tribe of Menashe), the score to anniversaries of was canceled. (Orhin 326; Rambam "The laws of a Shmita and Yovel", 10)
Of the of Babylon's the captivity have returned not all the the knee, therefore the commandments of of the jubilee of the year were not effectively enforced. More than addition, jubilee of the year not at all are counted since. Simply each the seventh year of declared a a Saturday. (Tosafot Avodah Zara 96; Rambam out there the same place)
Sabbatical years in our time
The dispute about the the fact, is the whether the Schmitt in our time (after the addition as a repealed jubilee years) by the law of the Torah or by an order of the wise, dates back have already to the Talmud. Some sages believe, that the Torah requires the observance of of the laws Saturday's of the year in the any time of, in the fact including and in the ours, but Rabbi with this opinion of a do not agree. He considers, that, since the Torah, speaking about the Saturday's the year of and about the year of the jubilee, binds these threads started to each with a friend, then the after the abolition of of jubilees automatically canceled and an sabbatical years, so the in our time they are observed only by the decision catechists. The majority of of rabbis agree with the opinion of a Rabbi, so the - on the majority of of opinions - considered to be, that the Schmitt in our time complied for the establishment catechists, and not of the Torah.
U of Wise Persons was the reason for not to introduce the law of about the the obligatory observance of of the jubilee of the year, since the in advance is well known, that a large part of the people do not will be able not to cultivate the land two of the year a row (the sabbath and the next behind him a jubilee).
Such a ruling it would be do not on forces to the most part of the people (as well the sages never do not make regulations, unless they do not on forces to majority).
What concerns the law of cancel the debts, then they are executed the Jewish people by the decision of of the wise, who have decided to: in spite of on the then the that in our time the Torah does not requires a of its observance, it is necessary to make so, so the law of the Torah on the abolition of debts are not forgot himself in Israel.
Rav Yosef Dov Levy Soloveichik in the his book, "of Beit Leia 'writes:' Although the laws a Shmita in our time are respected only by the decision of the wise, all the same Chacon of the Torah on we're entrusted with duty of stick to them. Why? Because, when were returning the Jews in the Zion (the out of of the first, of the Babylonian, of captivity) in the days of of the prophet Nechemia, have adopted heads of the people an oath - in all the generations abide by plots of and cash the laws of Saturday's of the year. About the this it is written from the prophet: "Declare a and we give an oath follow the Teachings of B-ha of ... - To leave (the ground) in the seventh year and to forgive debts of "(Nehemia 14). Therefore, although the Schmitt in our days it is the law the wise men, the requirement of effect to that an oath - the law of of the Torah".
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